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Прочтите о 75-дневном плане пересмотра InsightsIAS INSTA для предварительных экзаменов UPSC по вопросам государственной службы – 2023 г. [ЗДЕСЬ]:

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Рассмотрите следующие утверждения относительно биоразнообразия.

Какие из приведенных выше утверждений верны?

Решение: Д

Биоразнообразие — это сокращение термина «биологическое разнообразие», которое относится к разнообразию среди живых организмов. Термин «биологическое разнообразие» впервые был использован Артуром Харрисом (1916), американским ботаником, в его статье «Изменчивая пустыня», опубликованной в научном журнале The Scientific Monthly..

Термин «биоразнообразие» был впервые введен Уолтером Г. Розеном в 1985 году.

Термин «горячая точка биоразнообразия» был придуман Норманом Майерсом (1988). Он признал 10 тропических лесов «горячими точками» на основании чрезвычайного уровня эндемизма растений и высокого уровня утраты среды обитания, без каких-либо количественных критериев для присвоения статуса «горячих точек». Два года спустя он добавил еще восемь «горячих точек», и число «горячих точек» в мире увеличилось до 18 (Myers 1990).

Впоследствии организация Conservation International совместно с Майерсом провела первое систематическое обновление информации о горячих точках и ввела следующие два строгих количественных критерия, позволяющих региону квалифицироваться как горячая точка:

(i) Он должен содержать не менее 1500 видов сосудистых растений (> 0,5% от общего количества в мире) как эндемиков;

(ii) Он должен был потерять ≥ 70% своей первоначальной естественной среды обитания.

Решение: Д

Термин «биоразнообразие» был впервые введен Уолтером Г. Розеном в 1985 году.

/p> 8 x 2 = Rs. 16/p>
0.5% of the world's total) as endemics; (ii) It has to have lost ≥ 70% of its original native habitat. Solution: D . The term, "biodiversity" was first coined by Walter G. Rosen in 1985. The term ‘biodiversity hotspot’ was coined by Norman Myers (1988). He recognized 10 tropical forests as "hotspots" on the basis of extraordinary level of plant endemism and high level of habitat loss, without any quantitative criteria for the designation of "hotspot" status. Two years later, he added eight more hotspots, and the number of hotspots in the world increased to 18 (Myers 1990). Subsequently, the Conservation International in association with Myers made the first systematic update of the hotspots, and introduced the following two strict quantitative criteria, for a region to qualify as a hotspot: (i) It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (> 0.5% of the world's total) as endemics; (ii) It has to have lost ≥ 70% of its original native habitat. Solution: D SECURE HIMALAYA Securing livelihoods, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of high range Himalayan ecosystems The SECURE Himalaya project is a part of "Global Partnership on Wildlife Conservation and Crime Prevention for Sustainable Development" (Global Wildlife Program) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).The project promotes sustainable management of alpine pastures and forests in the high range Himalayan ecosystems It contributes to the Global Snow Leopard Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP), Solution: D SECURE HIMALAYA Securing livelihoods, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of high range Himalayan ecosystems The SECURE Himalaya project is a part of "Global Partnership on Wildlife Conservation and Crime Prevention for Sustainable Development" (Global Wildlife Program) funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).The project promotes sustainable management of alpine pastures and forests in the high range Himalayan ecosystems It contributes to the Global Snow Leopard Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP), Solution: C What is The IUCN Red List? global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the world's biodiversity. It divides species into nine categories Not Evaluated Data Deficient Least Concern Near Threatened Vulnerable Endangered Critically Endangered Extinct in the Wild Extinct Solution: C What is The IUCN Red List? global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species. The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the world's biodiversity. It divides species into nine categories Not Evaluated Data Deficient Least Concern Near Threatened Vulnerable Endangered Critically Endangered Extinct in the Wild Extinct Solution: C Ex-Situ Conservation Long term captive breeding Botanical gardens Animal Translocation Zoological Gardens Solution: C Ex-Situ Conservation Long term captive breeding Botanical gardens Animal Translocation Zoological Gardens Solution: B National Parks: National Park is an area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife and where activities like forestry, grazing on cultivation are not permitted. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Boundaries of sanctuaries are not well defined and controlled biotic interference is permitted Solution: B National Parks: National Park is an area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife and where activities like forestry, grazing on cultivation are not permitted. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Boundaries of sanctuaries are not well defined and controlled biotic interference is permitted Solution: D The Biosphere Reserve Programme is guided by UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme as India is a signatory to the landscape approach supported by MAB programme. Biosphere Reserves: It is a special category of protected areas where human population also forms a part of the system. Biosphere reserves serve in some ways as ‘living laboratories’ for testing out and demonstrating integrated management of land, water and biodiversity. Solution: D The Biosphere Reserve Programme is guided by UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme as India is a signatory to the landscape approach supported by MAB programme. Biosphere Reserves: It is a special category of protected areas where human population also forms a part of the system. Biosphere reserves serve in some ways as ‘living laboratories’ for testing out and demonstrating integrated management of land, water and biodiversity. An ecosystem pyramid gives thought to the dietary patterns of various living creatures. It gives data about the biodiversity of a region. It helps in keeping up with equilibrium and helps in checking the entire state of a biological ecosystem. Solution: D What is Important Bird Areas (IBAs) The IBA programme of Birdlife International The IBAs contain a range of habitats, such as wetlands, mudflats, microhabitats in biodiversity hotspots, grasslands and scrublands The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS; http://www.bnhs.org) and Birdlife International have identified 554 IBAs in India. Solution: D What is Important Bird Areas (IBAs) The IBA programme of Birdlife International The IBAs contain a range of habitats, such as wetlands, mudflats, microhabitats in biodiversity hotspots, grasslands and scrublands The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS; http://www.bnhs.org) and Birdlife International have identified 554 IBAs in India. Solution: D Globally KBAs are designated based on 11 criteria defined under five broad categories of threatened biodiversity; geographically restricted biodiversity; ecological integrity; biological processes; and, irreplaceability. Solution: D Globally KBAs are designated based on 11 criteria defined under five broad categories of threatened biodiversity; geographically restricted biodiversity; ecological integrity; biological processes; and, irreplaceability. Solution: B Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India. areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 Solution: B Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India. areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India These protected area categories were first introduced in the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002 Solution: A National Park Arunachal Pradesh Mouling NP Namdapha NP Solution: A National Park Arunachal Pradesh Mouling NP Namdapha NP Solution: B The reserve includes three wildlife sanctuaries, Shendurney, Peppara and Nayar, as well as the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger reserve. The reserve is home to Kani tribes from both Tamil Nadu and Kerala The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve occupies a prominent place in the cultural heritage and history of India. In particular, its prominence in the epic Ramayana The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve occupies a prominent place in the cultural heritage and history of India, particularly, its prominence in the epic Ramayana. Solution: B The reserve includes three wildlife sanctuaries, Shendurney, Peppara and Nayar, as well as the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger reserve. The reserve is home to Kani tribes from both Tamil Nadu and Kerala The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve occupies a prominent place in the cultural heritage and history of India. In particular, its prominence in the epic Ramayana The Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve occupies a prominent place in the cultural heritage and history of India, particularly, its prominence in the epic Ramayana. Solution: B Valley of Flowers National Park What to know is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and forms one of the two core zones (the other being the Nanda Devi National Park) of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. The valley is believed to have been discovered in 1931, when three British mountaineers – led by Frank S Smythe "Valley of Flowers" Sub-alpine forests birch and rhododendron cover parts of the park's area. Solution: B Valley of Flowers National Park What to know is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and forms one of the two core zones (the other being the Nanda Devi National Park) of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. The valley is believed to have been discovered in 1931, when three British mountaineers – led by Frank S Smythe "Valley of Flowers" Sub-alpine forests birch and rhododendron cover parts of the park's area. Solution: A 50 Cheetahs to be reintroduced in National Parks over five years, under ‘Action Plan for Introduction of Cheetah in India’. The very name ‘Cheetah’ (Acinonyx Jubatus Venaticus) originates from Sanskrit and means ‘the spotted one’. Cheetahs live in open plains; their habitat is predominantly where their preys live – grasslands, scrubs and open forest systems, semi-arid environments Solution: A 50 Cheetahs to be reintroduced in National Parks over five years, under ‘Action Plan for Introduction of Cheetah in India’. The very name ‘Cheetah’ (Acinonyx Jubatus Venaticus) originates from Sanskrit and means ‘the spotted one’. Cheetahs live in open plains; their habitat is predominantly where their preys live – grasslands, scrubs and open forest systems, semi-arid environments Solution: C Alpha diversity , sometimes referred to as point diversity, is the species richness that occurs within a given area within a region that is smaller than the entire distribution of the species. Gamma diversity is the species richness within an entire region. Solution: C Alpha diversity , sometimes referred to as point diversity, is the species richness that occurs within a given area within a region that is smaller than the entire distribution of the species. Gamma diversity is the species richness within an entire region. Solution: D Malabar Civet Viverra civettina is listed as Critically Endangered. Gharial Gavialis gangeticus is listed as Critically Endangered. Solution: D Malabar Civet Viverra civettina is listed as Critically Endangered. Gharial Gavialis gangeticus is listed as Critically Endangered. Solution: B What is a Kelp Forest? They are underwater ecosystems formed in shallow water by the dense growth of several different species. Kelp can also persist at lower latitudes Keystone Species They provide underwater habitats to hundreds of species and thus have great ecological and economic value. Provide Ecosystem Services: such as coastal protection and carbon sequestration. recreational and tourism value Findings of the study: equatorward-range edges most vulnerable to climate change thermal tolerance thresholds genetic diversity is also under threat due to rapid warming. Solution: B What is a Kelp Forest? They are underwater ecosystems formed in shallow water by the dense growth of several different species. Kelp can also persist at lower latitudes Keystone Species They provide underwater habitats to hundreds of species and thus have great ecological and economic value. Provide Ecosystem Services: such as coastal protection and carbon sequestration. recreational and tourism value Findings of the study: equatorward-range edges most vulnerable to climate change thermal tolerance thresholds genetic diversity is also under threat due to rapid warming. Solution: C L1 orbit allows a PSLV-XL launch vehicle The objective of the mission: atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics Solution: C L1 orbit allows a PSLV-XL launch vehicle The objective of the mission: atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics Solution: C Pashmina: wool GI-certified wool Kashmir quite expensive. The Changthangi goats hangpa tribes Shahtoosh: Solution: C Pashmina: wool GI-certified wool Kashmir quite expensive. The Changthangi goats hangpa tribes Shahtoosh: Solution: D The Ramcharitmanas: poem 16th century Awadhi seven chapters story of Lord Ram from birth to his becoming King of Ayodhya Ramayana Goswami Tulsidas: Ram Bola Dubey Ramcharitmanas Emperor Akbar Bairam Khan. regional dialect that most people understood Kavitawali Solution: D The Ramcharitmanas: poem 16th century Awadhi seven chapters story of Lord Ram from birth to his becoming King of Ayodhya Ramayana Goswami Tulsidas: Ram Bola Dubey Ramcharitmanas Emperor Akbar Bairam Khan. regional dialect that most people understood Kavitawali Solution: A About Etikoppaka toys: art of making traditional wooden Etikoppaka toys is more than 400 years old. turned wood Lacquer craft. wood and painted with natural dyes ‘Ankudi Karra’ (Wrightia tinctoria) seeds, lacquer, bark, roots, and leaves Kondapalli toys, Tirupati laddu, Bobbili Veena, Srikalahasthi Kalamkari, Uppada Jamdani sarees, and Shadow puppets. Solution: A About Etikoppaka toys: art of making traditional wooden Etikoppaka toys is more than 400 years old. turned wood Lacquer craft. wood and painted with natural dyes ‘Ankudi Karra’ (Wrightia tinctoria) seeds, lacquer, bark, roots, and leaves Kondapalli toys, Tirupati laddu, Bobbili Veena, Srikalahasthi Kalamkari, Uppada Jamdani sarees, and Shadow puppets. Solution: C The purpose of the Biodiversity Act The Act also covers the protection of traditional knowledge and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of such knowledge. The Biodiversity Act – 2002 primarily addresses issues of conservation, sustainable use of biological resources in the country, issue related to access to genetic resources and associated knowledge and fair and equitable Can molecular marker assisted breeding/selection be considered as ‘Conventional Breeding’ (as this is mentioned under Commercial utilization). Molecular marker aided selection is not yet considered as conventional breeding Whether it is necessary to seek approval of NBA by the applicants who filed patent applications before coming into force of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and BD Rules 2004 (i.e. before 1st July 2004) ? No. Patent applications filed prior to the coming into force of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and Rules 2004 (01st July 2004) do not come under the purview of the Act Is it necessary to seek NBA's approval for video graphing and camera trapping to record the behaviour of animals? No. For an activity to be covered within the scope of Biological Diversity Act, 2002, it should be a regulated activity under either section 3 or 4 or 6 or 20 of the Act. Thus, the activity of "video graphing" and "camera trapping" do not fall within the regulatory scope of the Act and therefore no approval is required from NBA Solution: C The purpose of the Biodiversity Act The Act also covers the protection of traditional knowledge and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of such knowledge. The Biodiversity Act – 2002 primarily addresses issues of conservation, sustainable use of biological resources in the country, issue related to access to genetic resources and associated knowledge and fair and equitable Can molecular marker assisted breeding/selection be considered as ‘Conventional Breeding’ (as this is mentioned under Commercial utilization). Molecular marker aided selection is not yet considered as conventional breeding Whether it is necessary to seek approval of NBA by the applicants who filed patent applications before coming into force of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and BD Rules 2004 (i.e. before 1st July 2004) ? No. Patent applications filed prior to the coming into force of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and Rules 2004 (01st July 2004) do not come under the purview of the Act Is it necessary to seek NBA's approval for video graphing and camera trapping to record the behaviour of animals? No. For an activity to be covered within the scope of Biological Diversity Act, 2002, it should be a regulated activity under either section 3 or 4 or 6 or 20 of the Act. Thus, the activity of "video graphing" and "camera trapping" do not fall within the regulatory scope of the Act and therefore no approval is required from NBA Solution: A What is an Infrastructure Debt Fund (IDF)? Ans : Q.2 What legal forms can IDF be set up as and who will be the regulators? Ans : Q3. Who can sponsor IDF-MFs and IDF-NBFCs? Ans : Q4. What does "sponsorship" mean? Ans : Solution: A What is an Infrastructure Debt Fund (IDF)? Ans : Q.2 What legal forms can IDF be set up as and who will be the regulators? Ans : Q3. Who can sponsor IDF-MFs and IDF-NBFCs? Ans : Q4. What does "sponsorship" mean? Ans : Solution: A It is constituted under EPA,1986. Solution: A It is constituted under EPA,1986. Solution: B Solution: B Solution: D The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December 1985 Afghanistan joined SAARC Cooperation within the framework of the SAARC is based on Areas of Cooperation: Decisions at all levels are to be taken on the basis of unanimity; and bilateral and contentious issues are excluded Solution: D The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established with the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December 1985 Afghanistan joined SAARC Cooperation within the framework of the SAARC is based on Areas of Cooperation: Decisions at all levels are to be taken on the basis of unanimity; and bilateral and contentious issues are excluded Answer. A Answer. A Answer. C) Answer. C) Official Telegram Channel HERE Our podcast channel HERE YouTube Channel HERE Twitter Account HERE Instagram ID HERE HERE /strong>

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